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Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types: Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III. January 1944.

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Title:	Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance [20 of 23]
Alternative Title:	Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III
Creator:	Avery, Oswald T.
Contributor:	MacLeod, Colin M.
Publisher:	Journal of Experimental Medicine
Date:	1944-01-00
Subject:	Cellular signal transduction
Description:	From the Journal of Experimental Medicine Vol. 79, No. 1.
Type:	Text
Format:	text/plain
Language:	en
Identifier:	avery-pg20.jpg
Source:	Master scanned with Epson GT-10000+ flatbed scanner at 600 dpi.
Rights:	http://osulibrary.orst.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/dna/copyright.html
Full Text:	156­RANS FORM :~TION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES same specific type as that of the heat-killed microorganisms from which the inducing material was recovered. 2. Methods for the isolation and purification of the active transforming ma- terial are described. 3. The data obtained by chemical, enzymatic, and serological analyses together with the results of preliminary studies by electrophoresis, ultracen- trifugation, and ultraviolet spectroscopy indicate that, within the limits of the methods, the active fraction contains no demonstrable protein, unbound lipid, or serologically reactive polysaccharide and consists principally, if not solely, of a highly polymerized, viscous form of desoxyribonucleic acid. 4. Evidence is presented that the chemically induced alterations in cellular structure and function are predictable, type-specific, and transmissible in series. The various hypotheses that have been advanced concerning the nature of these changes are reviewed. CONCLUSION The evidence presented supports the belief that a nucleic acid of the desoxy- ribose type is the fundamental unit of the transforming principle of Pneumo- coccus Type III. BIBL10GRAPHY 1. Griffith, F., J. Ilyg., Cambridge, Eng., 1928, 27, 113. 2. Neufeld, F., and Levinthal, W., Z. ImmuniNtsforsch., 1928, 55, 324. 3. Baurhenn, W., Centr. Baht., 1. Abt., Orig., 1932, 126, 68. 4. Dawson, M. H., J. Exp. lfed., 1930, 51, 123. 5. Dawson, M. H., and Sia, R. H. P., J. Exp. Sled., 1931, 54, 681. 6. Alloway, J. L., J. Exp. fed., 1932, 55, 91; 1933, 57, 265. 7. Berry, G. P., and Dedrick, H. M., J. Bact., 1936, 31, 50. 8. Berry, G. P., Arch. Path., 1937, 24, 533. 9. Hurst, E. W., Brit. J. Exp. Path., 1937, 18, 23. Hoffstadt, R. E., and Pilcher, K. S., J. Infect. Dis., 1941, 68, 67. Gardner, R. E., and Hyde, R. R., J. Infect. Dis., 1942, 71, 47. Houlihan, R. B., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and lied., 1942, 51, 259. 10. MacLeod, C. M., and Mirick, G. S., J. Bact., 1942, 44, 277. 11. Dawson, M. H., J. Exp. Med., 1928, 47, 577; 1930, 51, 99. 12. Sevag, b1. G., Biochenz. Z., 1934, 273, 419. Sevag, b1. G., Lackman, D. B., and Smolens, J., J. Biel. Chena., 1938, 124, 425. 13. Dubos, R. J., and Avery, O. T., J. Exp. lied., 1931, 54, 51. Dubos, R. J., and Bauer, J. H., J. Exp. lled., 1935, 62, 271. 14. Liu, S., and Wu, H., Chinese J. Physiol., 1938, 13, 449. 15. Martland, Al., and Robison, R., Bioclaem. J., 1929, 23, 237. 16. Albers, H., and Albers, E., Z. physiol. Chem., 1935, 232, 189. 17. Levene, P. A., and Dillon, R. T., J. Biel. Chem., 1933, 96, 461. 18. Greenstein, J. P., and Jenrette, W. Y., J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 1940, 1, 845.