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Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types: Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III. January 1944.

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Title:	Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance [10 of 23]
Alternative Title:	Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III
Creator:	Avery, Oswald T.
Contributor:	MacLeod, Colin M.
Publisher:	Journal of Experimental Medicine
Date:	1944-01-00
Subject:	Cellular signal transduction
Description:	From the Journal of Experimental Medicine Vol. 79, No. 1.
Type:	Text
Format:	text/plain
Language:	en
Identifier:	avery-pg10.jpg
Source:	Master scanned with Epson GT-10000+ flatbed scanner at 600 dpi.
Rights:	http://osulibrary.orst.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/dna/copyright.html
Full Text:	146­RA\SFORMkTION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES extracts are rapidly inactivated at the low pH required for its use.©rolonged treatment with crystalline ribonuclease under optimal conditions caused no demonstrable decrease in transforming activity. The fact that trypsin, chy-motrypsin, and ribonuclease had no effect on the transforming principle is further evidence that this substance is not ribonucleic acid or a protein suscep- tible to the action of tryptic enzymes. In addition to the crystalline enzymes, sera and preparations of enzymes obtained from the organs of various animals were tested to determine their effect on transforming activity. Certain of these were found to be capable of completely destroying biological activity. The various enzyme preparations tested included highly active phosphatases obtained from rabbit bone by the method of liartland and Robison (15) and from swine kidney as described by TABLE II The Inactivation of Transforming Principle by Crude Enzyme Preparations Enzymaticšctivity Crude enzyme preparations…9epolyruer- Inactivation Tributyrinšse for¨f trans- Pbospbatasežsterase `esoYyribo- forming nucleate©rincip e Dog intestinal mucosa............. .......…2df- -1- Rabbit bone phosphatase................. Swine kidney "…2dI- ................. Pneumococcus autolysates................ Normal dog and rabbit serum............. H. and E. Albers (16).¢n addition, a preparation made from the intestinal mucosa of dogs by Levene and Dillon (1i) and containing a polynucleotidase for thymus nucleic acid was used.©neumococcal autolysates and a commer- cial preparation of pancreatin were also tested. The alkaline phosphatase activity of these preparations was determined by their action on 0-glycero- phosphate and phenyl phosphate, and the esterase activity by their capacity to split tributyrin.¬ince the highly purified transforming material isolated from pneumococcal extracts was found to contain desoxyribonucleic acid, these same enzymes were tested for depolymerase activity on known samples of desoxyribonucleic acid isolated by Mirsky3 from fish sperm and mammalian tissues.­he results are summarized in Table II in which the phosphatase, esterase, and nucleodepolymerase activity of these enzymes is compared with their capacity to destroy the transforming principle.šnalysis of these results shows that irrespective of the presence of phosphatase or esterase only those a The authors express their thanks to Dr. A. E. DSirsky of the Hospital of The Rockefeller Institute for these preparations of desoxyribonucleic acid.